Abstract
Background: Up to 7% of neonates born in high-income countries receive antibiotics for suspected early-onset sepsis (EOS). Culture-proven neonatal sepsis has a prevalence of 0.2%, suggesting considerable overtreatment. We studied the diagnostic accuracy of umbilical cord blood and infant blood procalcitonin (PCT) in diagnosing EOS to improve antibiotic stewardship.Methods: Umbilical cord blood PCT was tested in newborns ≥ 32 weeks of gestation. Groups were defined as following: A) culture-proven or probable EOS (n = 25); B) Possible EOS, based on risk factors for which antibiotics were administered for <72 h (n = 49); C) Risk factor(s) for EOS without need for antibiotic treatment (n = 181); D) Healthy controls (n = 74). Additionally, venous or capillary blood PCT and C-reactive protein (CRP) were tested if blood drawing was necessary for standard care.Results: Between June 2019 and March 2021, 329 newborns were included. Umbilical cord blood PCT was significantly higher in group A than in group C and D. No difference between venous or arterial samples was found. Sensitivity and specificity for cord blood procalcitonin were 83 and 62%, respectively (cut-off 0.1 ng/mL). Antepartum maternal antibiotic administration was associated with decreased PCT levels in both cord blood and infant blood directly postpartum in all groups combined.Conclusion: Umbilical cord blood PCT levels are increased in newborns ≥32 weeks with a proven or probable EOS and low in newborns with risk factors for infection, but PCT seems not a reliable marker after maternal antibiotic treatment. PCT could be useful to distinguish infected from healthy newborns with or without EOS risk factors.
Highlights
Bacterial early-onset sepsis (EOS) is a systemic infection presenting within the first week after birth
Pathogens considered to be contaminants were detected (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus weihenstephanesis), of which two patients were included in group of cases with useful PCT samples (group A) based on clinical presentation and one patient was included in groups B and C (group B)
Group B consisted of 49 newborns with a possible EOS that received antibiotics for a maximum of 72 hours
Summary
Bacterial early-onset sepsis (EOS) is a systemic infection presenting within the first week after birth. In high-income countries, Procalcitonin for EOS Detection the incidence of a blood-culture proven EOS is relatively low, with 0.5–2 per 1,000 newborns, accounting for 85–340 patients per year in the Netherlands [3, 4]. An estimated 5–8% of all newborns (8.500–13.600 patients per year in the Netherlands) are treated with antibiotics in the first days after birth, and adherence to the EOS guidelines is low [5, 6]. Initial presentation can be subtle, and symptoms mimic physiological phenomena associated with birth. This challenges the clinician to identify the newborn with an infection and drives the massive use of antibiotics for suspected EOS [4]. Up to 7% of neonates born in high-income countries receive antibiotics for suspected early-onset sepsis (EOS). We studied the diagnostic accuracy of umbilical cord blood and infant blood procalcitonin (PCT) in diagnosing EOS to improve antibiotic stewardship
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