ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE KONSTRÜKTİVİZM VE KONSTRÜKTİVİZM BAKIŞ AÇISINA GÖRE TÜRKMENİSTAN DIŞ POLİTİKASINDA NİYAZOV DÖNEMİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Abstract

In the foreign policy of Turkmenistan, which gained its independence after the Cold War, two different periods can be mentioned. The first period is the closed period. This period is the period of President Saparmurat Niyazov (Turkmenbasi) (1991-2007), who became president after the country gained independence. Later on, the president Gurbanguli Berdimuhammedov (2007- ...) is a more effective foreign policy in international relations, especially relations with Turkey in particular were monitored. Turkmen identity and nationalism is the main point of Turkmenistan's foreign policy, which remained under Soviet administration for 75 years. The basic point of view of constructivism, which is taken as a reference in the evaluation of Turkmenistan's foreign policy, is that although there are realist and rationalist policies of states in international relations, it is in fact social, cultural, ethnic and so on. There is a structure and relations that are shaped by feeding from such phenomena. The special emphasis of constructivism is on the human's awareness of the environment in which he lives and the state of consciousness nurtured from this awareness. Constructivists, critical theorists, and postmodernists also stress that there is no external and objective reality. The social and political world is not a physical or material structure that exists outside human consciousness. The international system is not a self-existent structure. Three main objectives and priorities were adopted in Niyazov's Turkmenistan foreign policy. The first is recognition and recognition in the world by centering on Turkmen identity and nationalism. The second is a firm ground on internal and external security. The third is to establish good relations with its neighbors and Turkic states. According to this, while the second case is a rational foreign policy choice, the first and third cases have traces of identity and nationalism and can be evaluated with a constructivist approach. In this study, evaluations have been made with a constructivist point of view on Niyazov period in Turkmenistan foreign policy based on nationalism, identity and social based facts.