Ultraviolet vision: photophysical properties of the unprotonated retinyl Schiff base in the Siberian hamster cone pigment

Abstract

The Siberian hamster ultraviolet (SHUV) visual pigment has an unprotonated Schiff-base (SB) retinyl chromophore in the dark state, which becomes protonated after photoexcitation during the early stages of the photobleaching cycle. While the photochemical relaxation processes of the SHUV remain poorly understood, they are expected to show significant differences when compared to those of the protonated SB (PSB) chromophore in visual rhodopsin. Here, we report a study of the photophysical properties of the SHUV unprotonated SB (SHUV-USB), based on multiconfigurational and multireference perturbative methods within a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics scheme. Comparisons of multireference and time-dependent density functional theory results indicate that both methodologies predict an ionic excited state (S1), similar to the PSB of rhodopsin, although its minimum has even bond-lengths in the central region of the retinyl polyene chain. The analysis of excited-state manifolds at the Franck–Condon region and S1 minimum configuration indicates that the skeletal relaxation initiated in the S1 surface is likely to involve S1/S2 surface crossing. These results provide valuable insights for future studies of the SHUV-USB photoisomerization mechanism.