Ultrastructure of the developing embryo sac of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) before and after fertilization

Abstract

The ultrastructure of the embryo sac of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus) was investigated before and after fertilization. In the young embryo sac, walls were observed that completely surrounded the egg, synergids, and the central cell. However, as maturation continued, the extent of the wall changed. By the time the embryo was mature, the chalazal portion of the walls of the egg and synergids had disappeared so these cells have a plasma membrane to plasma membrane contact. This is also true for the central cell, which has plasma membrane contact with the egg and synergids. However, the chalazal and lateral walls of the central cell become considerably thicker at this time. Before the entry of the pollen tube, the synergid that is located toward the placenta degenerates. After fertilization, a wall forms over the chalazal portion of the zygote and the persistent synergid. The endosperm appears to play an active role in this process, contributing substantial amounts of wall material. However, the wall covering the chalazal portion of the zygote is not complete by the time the zygote divides. In the proembryo, ribosome density increases and lipid bodies decrease in number. The suspensory cell has autophagic vacuoles that encircle some of the organelles. Our results support the concept that the egg, synergids, and central cell form a single functional unit, the female germ unit. Key words: sunflower, ultrastructure, embryo sac, female germ unit.