Abstract
Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS), a hemostatic agent of plant origin, has been registered for the prevention of clinical hemorrhages. Currently there is no data regarding the ultrastructural analysis of ABS at the tissue level. The aim of this study is to assess renal tissue effects via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses for the ABS and ABS nanohemostat (formed by the combination of self-assembling peptide amphiphile molecules and ABS). SEM experiments were performed with FEI Nova NanoSEM 230, using the ETD detector at low vacuum mode with 30 keV beam energy. SEM analyses revealed that significant erythroid aggregation are present inside the capillary bed of the renal tissue. However, neither the signs of necrosis nor any other sign of tissue damage are evident in the surrounding renal tissue supplied by the microcapillary vasculature. Our study is important for several reasons. Firstly, in our study we used ABS nanohemostat which was recently developed. This study adds valuable information to the literature regarding ABS nanohemostat. Secondly, this study is the first ultrastructural analysis of ABS that was performed at the tissue level. Thirdly, we disclosed that ABS nanohemostat could induce vital erythroid aggregation at the renal tissue level as detected by SEM. Lastly, we detected that ABS nanohemostat causes no harm to the tissues including necrosis and any other detrimental effects.
Highlights
Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS), is a hemostatic agent of plant origin, that has been registered for the prevention of clinical hemorrhages when the other techniques are ineffective (Beyazit et al 2010, 2011; Haznedaroglu et al 2012; Goker et al 2007)
The other chemicals were purchased from Fisher, Merck, Two objective parameters were recorded during the surgical procedure: warm ischemia time (WIT) and amount of bleeding (AOB)
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of the Group 2 (G2) (Conventional partial nephrectomy (PN) with only 0.5 ml traditional Ankaferd hemostat (ABS) application without suturing) and Group 3 (G3) (Conventional PN with ABS (0.25 ml) + peptide (0.25 ml) gel (ABS Nanohemostat) mixture application with no suturing) revealed that significant erythroid aggregation are present inside the capillary bed of the renal tissue upon the application of both ABS and ABS nanohemostat
Summary
Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS), is a hemostatic agent of plant origin, that has been registered for the prevention of clinical hemorrhages when the other techniques are ineffective (Beyazit et al 2010, 2011; Haznedaroglu et al 2012; Goker et al 2007). ABS could control the hemorrhages in the cases who were using antiagregant treatment and undergone emergency bypass operation (Akpinar et al 2015). Besides those valuable data for the efficacy of ABS, there is no available data regarding the ultrastructural analysis of ABS at tissue level. ABS nanohemostat is a chimeric hemostatic agent. ABS nanohemostat is useful in particular cases such as partial nephrectomy because traditional ABS could not be so effective due to insufficient contact surface between the ABS hemostatic liquid agent and the bleeding area (Huri et al 2013). The main function of PA is to carry active ABS agent onto the tissues in order to facilitate hemostatic action in a given tissue
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