Ultra-stretchable and anti-freezing ionic conductive hydrogels as high performance strain sensors and flexible triboelectric nanogenerator in extreme environments

Abstract

Conductive hydrogels have shown promising applications in a variety of portable smart wearable electronics and flexible sensors due to their high flexibility, stretchability, adjustable mechanical properties and excellent electrical conductivity. However, most of the current hydrogel-based flexible strain sensors and portable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) generally suffer from low stretchability/flexibility, poor mechanical properties, weak low-temperature tolerance and low power output. Herein, a multifunctional ionic conductive hydrogel (PPAVC-BA) with ultra-stretchability (∼1750%), high transparency (85%), high electrical conductivity (13.7 mS/cm), and outstanding anti-freezing properties (below −80°C without freezing). The strain sensor assembled from the PPAVC-BA hydrogel shows high sensitivity (GF=4.43) and ultra-wide sensing detection range (0%-1100%) as well as fast response time. Based on these properties, the PPAVC-BA hydrogel strain sensor can accurately recognize different joint movements of the human body as well as weak muscle beats. In addition, the PPAVC-BA hydrogel-based TENG (PPAVC-BA-TENG) exhibits excellent electrical output performance, with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of about 420 V, a short circuit current (Isc) of 23 μA, a short-circuit transfer charge (Qsc) of 112 nC and a maximum power density of 2246.03 mW/m2, which allows it to power small electronic devices. This PPAVC-BA-TENG also shows outstanding tensile performance and can output stable electrical signals at 200% strain. Impressively, the PPAVC-BA-TENG exhibits good electrical output performance even at low temperature of −50°C and high temperature of 80°C. The flexible strain sensors and stretchable TENG for high performance and multifunctionality reported in this work provide viable references in the development of motion detection, energy harvesting and self-powered electronic devices.