Ultrastable nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube encapsulated cobalt nanoparticles for magnetic solid-phase extraction of okadaic acid from aquatic samples

Abstract

An easy-prepared adsorbent with high stable and good dispersibility is especially valuable for the development of magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) techniques. In this study, magnetic nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cages (N-CNTCs) were synthesized via direct carbonization of cobalt (II)-containing metal-organic frameworks. During carbonization, cobalt ions inside the MOFs were converted into magnetic functional nanoparticles of N-CNTCs. Simultaneously, large amounts of nitrogen, originating from the organic ligands, were doped into the carbon framework. This unique structure gave the N-CNTCs excellent chemical stability, high affinity, and good dispersibility. The synthesized magnetic N-CNTCs were then used for MSPE of okadaic acid (OA) from aquatic samples. A simple, efficient, and sensitive method for detecting and quantitating OA was developed by combining the above sample pretreatment technique with high-performance liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The resulting method boasts a linear dynamic range of 3.0–1000.0 pg mL−1 with good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9994). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.3 pg mL−1 and 3.0 pg mL−1, respectively. Several shellfish and seafood samples were analyzed using the developed method, showing satisfactory recoveries (82.0–107.0%) and relative standard deviations (<4.5%). The developed method was also used to investigate the OA distribution in crab tissues. Our results demonstrate that magnetic N-CNTCs are promising adsorbents for providing reliable support for the early warning and tracing to the source of algae toxins.