Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in the early detection of melanoma metastases

Abstract

The early detection and treatment of tumor recurrences in melanoma patients is dependent on reliable, sensitive, and specific techniques to verify suspected tumor metastases. As of now, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has yet to establish itself in the routine follow-up of melanoma patients. FNAC procedures were performed in melanoma patients with palpable tumors or nonpalpable, ultrasonically suspicious lesions. Cytodiagnostic evaluation of fine-needle samples obtained from suspicious lesions was performed morphologically. Findings were validated either by histopathologic diagnosis or prolonged clinical follow-up. The cytologic examination of 739 FNACs from 330 melanoma patients was conducted within 1 day of sampling. Complications were not observed. This study showed a sensitivity of 97.9% and a specificity of 100.0%. Moreover, in 158 FNACs derived from lesions with a diameter less than 1 cm a sensitivity of 94.6% was achieved. Diagnosis of metastatic melanoma with unknown primary tumor was established in 20 cases. FNAC is very reliable for the early detection of melanoma metastases. FNAC is a swift method free of complications and is able to replace diagnostic surgery completely for nonmalignant lesions in a large number of patients. Moreover, FNAC is especially useful in combination with ultrasound in melanoma follow-up and can enable diagnosis of lesions smaller than 1 cm without impairment of sensitivity or specificity.