Abstract
Ultrasounds (US) has been used in the past decades as a non-invasive imaging modality. Although employed extensively in clinical applications for soft tissue imaging, the acoustic beams can also be used for sensing and actuation for biological implants. In this paper we present a unified three dimensional (3D) computational framework to simulate the performance and response of deeply implanted devices to US stimulation and composed by a double piezoelectric layer with different material composition and configurations. The model combines the temporally-invariant distribution of the scattered pressure field arising from the presence of scatterers and attenuators in the domain of simulation, with the time-delay propagation of waves caused by refraction, to solve the Forward Problem in US within the breast and lower abdominal regions. It was found that a lens-shaped implant produces higher peak echoes in the breast for frequencies ≤ 6 MHz whereas, in the liver, similar strengths are obtained for the lens and disk-shaped implants in the higher spectrum. Regarding material composition, a combination of LiNbO3 with PZT-5A yielded higher amplitude signals, when the double layer thickness is comparable to the wavelength of excitation. Experimental validation of the proposed model was carried out in the presence of a synthetic anatomical phantom of the breast and water tank to investigate the acoustic signals generated by disk-shaped implants when stimulated by external US sources in the harmonic and impulsive regimes of wave propagation. The implantation of a double piezoelectric layer inside the human body can, in the future, provide a high resolution system for the detection of surgical site infection as well as tumour growth and other systemic inflammatory responses originating deeply in soft tissues.
Highlights
Ultrasounds (US) has been used in the past decades as a non-invasive imaging modality
A lens-shaped implant was employed during these simulations with dimensions of 1 cm × 1 cm × 0.5 cm and composed by a double piezo layer made of PZT-5A/LiNbO3
Description about the implementation of the discrete system of equations governing wave propagation can be found on Methods, Calculation of the scattering operator and the spatial discretization of the 3D domain and phantom segmentation can be found on sections Methods, www.nature.com/scientificreports
Summary
Ultrasounds (US) has been used in the past decades as a non-invasive imaging modality. In this paper we present a unified three dimensional (3D) computational framework to simulate the performance and response of deeply implanted devices to US stimulation and composed by a double piezoelectric layer with different material composition and configurations. Experimental validation of the proposed model was carried out in the presence of a synthetic anatomical phantom of the breast and water tank to investigate the acoustic signals generated by disk-shaped implants when stimulated by external US sources in the harmonic and impulsive regimes of wave propagation. The implantation of a double piezoelectric layer inside the human body can, in the future, provide a high resolution system for the detection of surgical site infection as well as tumour growth and other systemic inflammatory responses originating deeply in soft tissues
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