Ultrasound assisted synthesis of nano-rod embedded petal designed α-Bi2O3-ZnO nanoparticles and their ultra-responsive visible light induced photocatalytic properties

Abstract

Abstract The current article reports on the ultrasound assisted one-pot synthesis of high surface area α-Bi2O3 doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with varying dopant stoichiometry. The characterization of the synthesized nano-rod embedded petal shaped α-Bi2O3-ZnO NPs is carried out by analyzing phase identification by X-ray diffraction and surface properties by TEM coupled SAED, SEM-EDAX, and BET analysis. The spectral analysis is carried out using UV–vis diffuse reflectance, FT-IR, PLS, and ICP-OES. It is inferred that the doping of Bi+3 (as α-Bi2O3) impurities have created tail states within the band gap of ZnO, thereby making it an efficient visible light photocatalyst. The UV–vis-DRS measurements indicate an energy band gap of 3.26, 3.01, 2.96 and 2.86 eV for bare ZnO, (1%) Bi2O3, (2%) Bi2O3 and (3%) Bi2O3 doped ZnO NPs, respectively. The photocatalysis activity of the α-Bi2O3 doped ZnO NPs has been systematically studied using Acid Red-85 (AR-85) – an organic fabric dye. The influence of various operational parameters, for instance, dopant-host stoichiometry, pH of the dye solution, dye critical concentration, limiting photocatalyst quantity, light irradiation intensity, the oxidative role of photosensitizers and the matrix tolerance levels has been studied. By controlling all the parameters, complete dye mineralization can be achieved within an equilibration time frame of 40 min, using a mere 100 mg of the photocatalyst material. A comprehensive mechanism on the ultra-responsive visible light induced photocatalytic properties of the synthesized α-Bi2O3-ZnO NPs has been proposed.