Abstract
The aim of the research was to increase the efficiency of the hydrodistillation process and determine the volatile composition, biological activity, and aroma profile of essential oil from celery seeds (Apium graveolens L.). The essential oil was extracted from the plant material by ultrasonic hydrodistillation with higher efficiency when compared with classical hydrodistillation. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the impedimetric method for the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast Candida vini as well as moulds Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (μL/mL) values: 30, 10, 20, 3, 30, 40, and 40, respectively. The oil possessed very weak 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 81.6 g/L. Initial studies of the aroma profile indicated that the perception of the fragrance of the oil could be related to the sex of the panellists. According to women, the fragrance of celery seeds oil was intense herb-like. From the men’s point of view, it had a fresh, mossy, and mushroom scent.
Highlights
Considering the high biological potential of the essential oils, it is advisable to look for new efficient methods for their extraction
The raw plant material has been treated with ultrasound action towards increasing the efficiency of the hydrodistillation process, which means an increase in the amount of obtained essential oil per unit of weight of the raw material
The objective of this study was to improve the yield of the essential oil extraction using distillation assisted by sonication of raw material
Summary
Considering the high biological potential of the essential oils, it is advisable to look for new efficient methods for their extraction. The raw plant material has been treated with ultrasound action towards increasing the efficiency of the hydrodistillation process, which means an increase in the amount of obtained essential oil per unit of weight of the raw material. The application of ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation of essential oil is beneficial on the grounds of more effective extraction, and saving energy, solvent, and time consumption [2]. Due to the shortening of the exposure time of the raw material to high temperatures, this process avoids the disadvantages of essential oil conventional extraction, such as the formation of the by-product by decomposition of thermolabile and heat-sensitive compounds [3]. The objective of this study was to improve the yield of the essential oil extraction using distillation assisted by sonication of raw material. There is no information in the literature about the effect of Molecules 2020, 25, 5322; doi:10.3390/molecules25225322 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
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