Abstract
Bioactive Phenols-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PL-CNps) were developed by ionic gelation from Persian lemon (Citrus latifolia) waste (PLW) and chitosan nanoparticles. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) conditions for the total phenolic compounds (TPC) recovery from PLW (58.13 mg GAE/g dw), evaluating the ethanol concentration, extraction time, amplitude, and solid/liquid ratio. Eight compounds expressed as mg/g dry weight (dw) were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled photo diode array (UPLC-PDA) analysis: eriocitrin (20.71 ± 0.09), diosmin (18.59 ± 0.13), hesperidin (7.30 ± 0.04), sinapic acid (3.67 ± 0.04), catechin (2.92 ± 0.05), coumaric acid (2.86 ± 0.01), neohesperidin (1.63 ± 0.00), and naringenin (0.44 ± 0.00). The PL-CNps presented size of 232.7 nm, polydispersity index of 0.182, Z potential of −3.8 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 81.16%. The results indicated that a synergic effect between phenolic compounds from PLW and chitosan nanoparticles was observed in antioxidant and antibacterial activity, according to Limpel’s equation. Such results indicate that PLW in such bioprocesses shows excellent potential as substrates for the production of value-added compounds with a special application for the food industry.
Highlights
The disposal of food wastes leads to environmental and economic concerns, due to its high fermentability, high transportation costs, lack of disposal sites, and the difficulties to accumulate organic wastes for a long time [1]
The antimicrobial activities of the chitosan against Gram-positive bacteria have been associated with its ability to bind non-covalently with teichoic acids incorporated in the peptidoglycan layer of the bacteria [34]
Phenolic compounds in the Persian lemon (Citrus latifolia) waste (PLW) extract presented antibacterial properties, which can compensate for the “lost” of antibacterial properties of the amine group on CNPs [30]
Summary
The disposal of food wastes leads to environmental and economic concerns, due to its high fermentability, high transportation costs, lack of disposal sites, and the difficulties to accumulate organic wastes for a long time [1]. Cand phenolic compounds such as eriocitrin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringin, and diosmin [2]. The implementation of innovative extraction technologies such as UAE has been promoted, the principle of which is the acoustic cavitation improving the extraction yield and kinetics with a significant reduction in temperature, solvent consumption, and extraction time [6,7]. During ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), several variables must be considered such as time, temperature, type, and concentration of the solvent. The simultaneous study of these variables can be performed through the response surface methodology (RSM), a mathematical and statistical tool used to determine the optimal UAE conditions for the recovery of phenolic compounds from various sources [8]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
