Abstract
Carob pulp has recently received great attention due to its considerable content of polyphenols having a wide range of health promoting effects. In this work, ultrasound assisted extraction was optimized sequentially using a screening Plackett–Burman design and non-standard central composite design coupled to response surface methodology and desirability function statistical tools, to find the best conditions for the extraction of nine polyphenols from carob pods. The gathered mathematical models showed that the highest significant factors influencing the extraction of all compounds were solid–solvent ratio, solvent concentration, and particle size, with the optimal results obtained at values of 0.2 g/mL, 40% ethanol, and 0.3 mm, respectively. Extraction temperature, time, sonication power, and frequency were set at 35 °C, 15 min, 100 W, and 37 kHz, respectively. These parameters help to reduce energy costs and to obtain the best possible extraction of polyphenols.
Highlights
The species carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a slow-growing evergreen tree widely diffused in Mediterranean countries, especially Spain, Morocco, Italy, and Portugal [1]
To check the reliability of the multi-response model, further extraction trials were carried out at the optimal conditions appreciated by the response surface methodology (RSM) and D and the gathered experimental data were confronted with the predicted phenolics yield, showing a difference between values lower than 10% (Table 5), which is really in line with other literature studies [14]
This research aimed at obtaining a multi-response optimization of extraction conditions of 9 phenolic compounds, namely 4 phenolic acids, 2 condensed tannins, and 3 flavonols, from carob pods of cv
Summary
The species carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a slow-growing evergreen tree widely diffused in Mediterranean countries, especially Spain, Morocco, Italy, and Portugal [1]. The pulp has recently received growing attention due to its considerable content of polyphenols, which have been acknowledged to have antioxidant and radical scavenging activity together with potential benefits for human health [7,8,9,10]. In this sense, various methods, including solid–liquid and Soxhlet extraction have been employed for the recovery of polyphenols from carob pods and derived products [11,12]. These conventional techniques often requires large quantity of solvents as well as long processing time and high temperature, which can lead to the degradation of the active compounds [6,8]
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