Abstract
Jujube plant is a potential source of polyphenols with biological propreties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of ultrasound technique for extracting phenolic compounds (TPC) from seeds of Zizyphus lotus under optimization conditions based on response surface methodology. A maximum TPC, total flavonoids content (TFC), and total condensed tannins content (TTC) of 2383.10 ± 0.87 mg GAE/100g, 486.50 ± 0.38 mg QE/100g and 15,787.10 ± 0.10 mg CE/100g, respectively obtained under ethanol concentration 50.16%, sonication temperature 29.01 °C, sonication time 15.94 min and solvent-to-solid ratio 34.10:1 mL/g. The optimized extract was then evaluated for its antioxidant, antiacethylcholinesterase, antihypercholesterolemia, and antiproliferative activities. The results showed that ultrasound method is a green and safe method that can be used to effectively extract TPC from jujube seeds. The biological activity of Zizyphus extract exhibited a very good antioxidant against DPPH (EC50 = 0.39 µg/mL) and FRAP (1670.42 ± 6.5 mg/100 g). Additionally, it possesses acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effect (IC50 = 0.93 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and HMGR inhibition (45.41%) using 100 µg/mL. The extract significantly inhibits cell proliferation on the MCF-7 and HepG2 tumor cell lines with an IC50 values of <0.05 and 3 ± 0.55 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the ultrasound method can be considered a method for obtaining a significant anticancer activity with respect to the lines and therefore makes it possible to recover a maximum of phenolic compounds in less time with an AChE and HMGR inhibitory activity. Thus, it can be suggested that Zls extract is a promising fruit for the development of supplementary dietary due to its potential behaviour as nutraceutical.
Highlights
The production of free radicals (FR) is associated with many physiological and biochemical processes that have taken place in the human body and their over production leads to the appearance of Processes 2020, 8, 1441; doi:10.3390/pr8111441 www.mdpi.com/journal/processesProcesses 2020, 8, 1441 many cardiovascular diseases which can cause significant oxidative damage to biomolecules, namely, lipids, proteins, or DNA [1]
The dried seeds were milled into fine powder (
The parameters were estimated from the experimental Total Phenolic Content (TPC) results and ANOVA analysis was carried out to determine the applicability of the model, Table 2
Summary
Processes 2020, 8, 1441 many cardiovascular diseases which can cause significant oxidative damage to biomolecules, namely, lipids, proteins, or DNA [1]. Due to the release of FR such as the superoxide radical, the hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid peroxide radicals, antioxidants are capable to inhibit the oxidation of other molecules and preventing cell death. Several authors have shown that FR scavenging are associated with the mixture of nutrients consumed regularly by humans and have shown that a high intake of antioxidants results in the reduction of these diseases [2]. As a result of this inhibition process the neurotransmitter acetylcholine remains in the neurosynaptic gap for a longer period of time, keeping the person having AD in a more active mental state [7,8,9]
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