Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted extraction of hemicellulose and phenolic compounds from bamboo bast fibre powder was investigated. The effect of ultrasonic probe depth and power input parameters on the type and amount of products extracted was assessed. The results of input energy and radical formation correlated with the calculated values for the anti-nodal point (λ/4; 16.85 mm, maximum amplitude) of the ultrasonic wave in aqueous medium. Ultrasonic treatment at optimum probe depth of 15 mm improve 2.6-fold the extraction efficiencies of hemicellulose and phenolic lignin compounds from bamboo bast fibre powder. LC-Ms-Tof (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-time of flight) analysis indicated that ultrasound led to the extraction of coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, vanillic acid, cellobiose, in contrast to boiling water extraction only. At optimized conditions, ultrasound caused the formation of radicals confirmed by the presence of (+)-pinoresinol which resulted from the radical coupling of coniferyl alcohol. Ultrasounds revealed to be an efficient methodology for the extraction of hemicellulosic and phenolic compounds from woody bamboo without the addition of harmful solvents.
Highlights
Bamboo is defined as a fast-growing lignocellulosic biomass, which is world widely distributed [1]
Commercial food grade bamboo poles obtained from Mount Huangshan, Anhui Province of China, were used in this study. 2-Hydroxyterephthalic acid (HTA), terephthalic acid (TA), conyferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, D-xylobiose, vanillic acid, vanillin, gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural, D-cellobiose, D-cellotriose, glucuronic acid and guaiacol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA)
The input energy for the calculated anti-nodal point 16.85 mm was not evaluated and the extraction was performed at the closed tested probe depth of 15 mm using the highest energy input, with a power input of 400 W
Summary
Bamboo is defined as a fast-growing lignocellulosic biomass, which is world widely distributed [1]. Plant biomass is mostly lignocellulosic and consists on cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which form the complex and rigid plant structure [2]. The formed complex matrix of the aromatic heteropolymer and hemicellulose account for about 18–40% of the dry weight of the plant. The structural variation of bamboo lignin of Dendrocalamus brandisii, which belongs to Bambusoideae of Gramineae and is mainly distributed in southeast Asia including. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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