Ultrasonographic assessment of gestational age with the distal femoral and proximal tibial ossification centers in the third trimester

Abstract

A prospective sonographic evaluation of the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification centers in 228 normal pregnant women was carried out from 28 to 40 weeks' gestation. The mean gestational age at which the distal femoral epiphysis and proximal tibial epiphysis were imaged was 34 and 38 weeks, respectively. The distal femoral epiphysis was not identifiable before 28 weeks but was observed in 72% of fetuses at 33 weeks and in 94% of fetuses at 34 weeks' gestation. The presence of a distal femoral epiphysis measuring 1 or 2 mm was associated with a gestational age of >33 weeks in 87.0% of fetuses, whereas a distal femoral epiphysis measuring ≥3 mm was associated with a gestational age >37 weeks in 85% of fetuses. The proximal tibial epiphysis, which was absent before 34 weeks' gestation, was observed in 56% of fetuses at 36 weeks, in 80% of fetuses at 37 weeks, and in 100% of fetuses at 39 weeks of gestation. The presence of a proximal tibial epiphysis of 1 or 2 mm was associated with a gestational age of >36 weeks in 88% of fetuses, whereas a proximal tibial epiphysis ≥3 mm was associated with a gestational age of >38 weeks in 94% of fetuses. The sonographic evaluation of distal femoral epiphysis/proximal tibial epiphysis can be used as independent markers for estimation of gestational age during the third trimester, a period in which standard fetal biometric estimates of gestational age are least accurate.