Abstract
In this paper, ultrasonic-enhanced replacement of lead by zinc in lead leaching solution was studied. The effects of reaction time, rotational speed, temperature, concentration of leaching solution and the ratio of the surface area of the zinc plate immersed in the leaching solution to the volume of leaching solution (S : V) were studied under both conventional and ultrasonic conditions. The optimum ultrasonic-assisted replacement conditions were as follows: the S : V of 0.04 (4 cm2 100 ml−1), reaction temperature of 30°C, replacement time of 30 min and the concentration of leaching solution is 5 g l−1, leading to a lead replacement rate of 94.84%. Compared with the conventional replacement process, the reaction time of ultrasonic-enhanced substitution could be reduced to one half, and the demand of reaction temperature, leaching solution concentration and other conditions were decreased accordingly. Introducing ultrasonic into the replacement reaction is promising to reduce the energy consumption in the hydrometallurgical industry also caters to the demands of environment protection.
Highlights
Lead is one of the metals which has been used by human beings since the early civilization [1], and the utilization of lead has played an important role in the progress of human civilization [2]
After that lead is replaced by zinc plate from PbCl2 solution to obtain a crude lead, and refined lead is obtained by electrolytic refining
The replacement behaviour of lead was investigated by studying the temperature, replacement time, rotor speed and leaching solution concentration, and other parameters under conventional and ultrasonic conditions
Summary
Lead is one of the metals which has been used by human beings since the early civilization [1], and the utilization of lead has played an important role in the progress of human civilization [2]. The production of lead gradually shifts to the recycling of secondary resources In those cases, more and more scholars have paid attention to the advantages of hydrometallurgical treatment of lead-containing waste residue technology, and a series of environmentally friendly hydrometallurgical treatment processes have been developed [9,10]. There are three main steps in the lead smelting process by hydrometallurgical method, which are leaching, replacement and electrolytic refining. The replacement process is an important part of lead smelting by hydrometallurgical method. The present work attempts to introduce ultrasound into the replacement process to improve the efficiency of lead smelting and reduce the energy consumption [13]
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