Abstract
Ultrasonic irradiation enhances the reactivity of metal surfaces. Because of this, the sonochemical activation of various metals has become a routine synthetic technique. The mechanisms of heterogeneous sonochemistry, however, remain largely unexplored. In comparison, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of homogeneous sonochemistry has recently been developed. To more fully understand the origins of heterogeneous sonochemistry, we have examined the effects of ultrasonic irradiation on copper in terms of surface morphology, atomic composition, and reactivity. We report here that ultrasonic irradiation of Cu powder leads to substantial changes in all three areas. We believe that these effects are due to interparticle collisions driven by the shock waves created by the ultrasonic field: the origin of the enhanced chemical reactivity comes from the removal of the surface oxide passivating layer and surface damage that these collisions induce.
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