Ultrasonic assisted magnetic dispersive solid phase microextraction for pre concentration of serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drugs

Abstract

A simple and sensitive ultrasonic assisted magnetic dispersive solid phase microextraction method (UAMDSPME) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography was developed to determine serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drugs including duloxetine (DUL), venlafaxine (VEN) and atomoxetine (ATO) in human urine, river water and well water samples. A novel and efficient SPME sorbent, magnetic p-Phenylenediamine functionalized reduced graphene oxide Quantum Dots@ Ni nanocomposites (MrGOQDs–PD@ Ni), was prepared and applied for extraction of the analytes. Several effective parameters on the extraction efficiency of the analytes were investigated and optimized with experimental design approach. The performance of MrGOQDs–PD@ Ni as the SPME sorbent for the extraction of DUL, VEN and ATO was then compared with magnetic graphene oxide (MGO@Fe3O4) and magnetic reduced graphene oxide (MrGO@ Ni). Under the optimized conditions for the MrGOQDs–PD@ Ni sorbent, the intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 5) and the limits of detections (LODs) were lower than 4.6% and 1.1 ngmL−1, respectively. Moreover, the good linear ranges were observed in wide concentration ranges with R-squared larger than 0.9878. Finally, the enrichment factors in the range of 137–183 and the recovery percentage in the range of 89.2–94.8% were obtained to determine the analytes in the real samples.