Abstract
The objective of this study is to focus on boric acid extraction from the mineral tincal, in order to determine the optimum conditions thanks to the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technique (with the response surface methodology (RSM) for the first time), and artificial intelligence based swarm intelligence. Characterization of the tincal were done by using thermo-gravimetric assay (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. In detail, a central composite design (CCD) was used for determining the effects of different solvent/solid ratios, pH, extraction time, and extraction temperature on the yield, which was determined by the conductometric method. The optimum values regarding the best extraction process was calculated by using five different swarm intelligence techniques: Particle swarm optimization (PSO), cuckoo search (CS), genetic algorithms (GA), Differential evolution (DE), and the vortex optimization algorithm (VOA). In the study content, technical details regarding to background and applied experimental processes are given and the findings pointing an approximate 85–92% boron extraction from tincal ore are discussed generally.
Highlights
Boron minerals are found as borate salts in nature
In the western part of Turkey, the most of the boron ore reserves are found, and the main boron mineral is found as tincal ores, which naturally exist in Eskisehir City
The objective of this study is to focus on boric acid extraction from tincal in order to determine the optimum conditions thanks to the combination of several techniques
Summary
Boron minerals are found as borate salts in nature. Boron minerals have been used as ores in different industries, especially with the help of refinement processes and production of pure chemicals. It has been known that Turkey, USA, and Russia are three countries having the most important levels of boron minerals. 72% of the world’s boron reserves belong to Turkey, with boron reserves of 851 million tons (as B2 O3 ), amking. Boric acid is typically found as a constituent of naturally occurring minerals, such as tincal (Na2 B4 O7 ·10H2 O), colemanite (Ca2 B6 O11 ·5H2 O), and ulexite (NaCaB5 O9 ·8H2 O). In the western part of Turkey, the most of the boron ore reserves are found, and the main boron mineral is found as tincal ores, which naturally exist in Eskisehir City. Others are mainly located in Bigadic-Balıkesir, Emet-Kütahya, and Kestelek-Bursa as colemanite, and Bigadic-Balıkesir and Kestelek-Bursa as ulexite [4,5,6]
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