Abstract
Ultrashort pulsed direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is used to generate hierarchical line‐like patterns on titanium surfaces to control cell adhesion and spreading on dental implants, thereby improving osseointegration. The DLIP structures have spatial periods of 3, 5, 10, and 17 μm. They are produced using a laser source with a pulse duration of 10 ps and cumulated energy densities between 0.1 and 78.9 J cm−2. Laser‐induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and submicron features are obtained on the treated samples. The DLIP treatment leads to the development of a thick titanium oxide layer, which is imaged and quantified using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). Several days (30–56) after the laser treatment, specimens with larger spatial periods are hydrophilic, whereas samples with spatial periods of 3 μm are hydrophobic. Seeded human osteoblasts on the laser‐structured samples show 2.5 times higher cell numbers after 7 days in vitro culture compared with osteoblasts on a grit‐blasted and etched reference sample. Finally, cell adhesion to a structured 3D dental implant is demonstrated.
Highlights
Ultrashort pulsed direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is used to generate influenced by the surface topography in hierarchical line-like patterns on titanium surfaces to control cell adhesion and spreading on dental implants, thereby improving osseointegration
To study the influence of additional topographical features that can be simultaneously produced with ultrashort pulsed lasers, pure titanium substrates were processed using similar spatial periods to further improve cell proliferation and cell adhesion
The surface topography which was modified by the DLIP treatment and in addition presents Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) features can directly lead to better adhesion and higher proliferation of cells as it is known from other publications
Summary
To better visualize the morphology of the LIPSS features on the DLIP pattern together with possible effects induced by the laser treatment, a cross section of the 17 μm spatial period sample was obtained from focused ion beam sectioning The surface topography which was modified by the DLIP treatment and in addition presents LIPSS features (and producing hierarchical surface patterns) can directly lead to better adhesion and higher proliferation of cells as it is known from other publications This surface has shown to be more hydrophilic compared with the untreated reference, as well as to have a thick oxide layer, which probably can improve the healing progress of the implant in the bone tissue as well as the longterm preservation of the implant in the body. As was the case for the cylindrical test samples, the cells orientated parallel to the microvalleys on areas with less cell adhesion and spread over the micro pattern on areas with a high density of cells
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