Ultrashort Laser Texturing of Superelastic NiTi: Effect of Laser Power and Scanning Speed on Surface Morphology, Composition and Wettability

Abstract

Among metallic biomaterials, near-equiatomic NiTi is one of the most promising intermetallic system applicable for biomedical applications, thanks to its high biocompatibility and unique superelasticity (or pseudoelasticity), offering a complete recoverable strain up to 8%. In the prospective uses for bio-devices, the surface processing of NiTi medical components plays a fundamental role for guaranteeing both a Ti oxide passivizing layer for avoiding Ni ion release into the human body and surface morphology for controlling the cell proliferation. Mechanical polishing, thermal, chemical or electro-chemical treatments are typically performed for surface modifications. Recently, laser texturing has been successfully applied for different materials, included NiTi shape memory alloys, and also for tuning the surface properties, such as wettability. In the present work, ultrashort laser surface modification was carried out, through the use of a femtosecond laser, for the surface texturing of commercial superelastic NiTi plates. The main goal is to investigate the correlation among morphology, chemical composition and wettability with the principal process parameters, such as average power and scanning velocity in high power ultrashort laser texturing. Laser patterned surfaces were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, 3D-profilometry, XPS analysis and wetting measurements. After the laser treatments, both surface morphology and Ni/Ti ratio were largely modified from the initial surface, depending on the adopted process parameters. The wettability of the laser textured surfaces can be also varied with respect to the initial surface, due to the roughness values and grooves induced by the laser beam scans. The laser texturing process induced a combination between micro and nano structures, depending on the input energy. In details, the surfaces were tuned to lower roughness values (from 0.4 μm to 0.3 μm) with a laser power of 1 W, while it was increased up to 0.65 μm with a laser power of 13 W. The laser surface modification promoted a change of the contact angle from 70° of the untreated condition up to 135° to the surface laser treated with a power of 13 W.