Abstract
Abstract Biosensors based on terahertz (THz) metasurfaces have recently attracted widespread attention. However, few have been reported so far because it is a challenge to achieve ultrasensitive multidimensional detection in the THz spectrum. Here, we propose a novel THz biosensor that consists of a metasurfaces and a metal oxide semiconductor-like structure (MOSLS), which is based on patterned graphene–polyimide–perovskite. We varied the photoconductivity of the MOSLS via the electrostatic doping effect. The biosensor could detect whey protein down to a concentration limit of 6.25 ng/mL. Significant responses in frequency, phase, and transmission amplitude were all detected for different protein concentrations. The transmission value difference, frequency shift, and phase difference increased with the concentration of whey protein, clearly demonstrating multidimensional biosensing. Moreover, by applying lasers with different wavelengths, we have realized reversible biosensing in THz region for the first time. These results are very promising for applications of THz metasurfaces in the field of biosensing.
Highlights
Metasurfaces have attracted extensive attention as a novel way to manipulate electromagnetic waves for diverse applications, including as modulators [1,2,3,4,5], absorbers [6, 7], and biosensors [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
We propose a novel biosensor that integrates metal oxide semiconductor-like structures (MOSLS) based on patterned graphene–polyimide (PI)–perovskite (MAPbI3) with electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like metasurfaces to manipulate THz waves and realize ultra-sensitive, multidimensional sensing, as illustrated in Figure 1 [31, 32]
(b) Photomicrograph of a small region of the PGPP@MS biosensor and the patterned graphene. (c) Photomicrograph of a unit cell of the microstructure. (d) Schematic of the unit cell, which consists of an external U shape and an internal asymmetric spiral
Summary
Metasurfaces have attracted extensive attention as a novel way to manipulate electromagnetic waves for diverse applications, including as modulators [1,2,3,4,5], absorbers [6, 7], and biosensors [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. The primary mechanism is that the resonant modes of metasurfaces are susceptible to changes in their microenvironment. The EIT-like features of metasurfaces make them ideal for ultrasensitive biosensors [9, 13]. Previous works focused mainly on change transmission amplitude or shift resonance frequency in metasurfaces as
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