Abstract
Viral infections are becoming the foremost driver of morbidity, mortality and economic loss all around the world. Treatment for diseases associated to some deadly viruses are challenging tasks, due to lack of infrastructure, finance and availability of rapid, accurate and easy-to-use detection methods or devices. The emergence of biosensors has proven to be a success in the field of diagnosis to overcome the challenges associated with traditional methods. Furthermore, the incorporation of aptamers as bio-recognition elements in the design of biosensors has paved a way towards rapid, cost-effective, and specific detection devices which are insensitive to changes in the environment. In the last decade, aptamers have emerged to be suitable and efficient biorecognition elements for the detection of different kinds of analytes, such as metal ions, small and macro molecules, and even cells. The signal generation in the detection process depends on different parameters; one such parameter is whether the labelled molecule is incorporated or not for monitoring the sensing process. Based on the labelling, biosensors are classified as label or label-free; both have their significant advantages and disadvantages. Here, we have primarily reviewed the advantages for using aptamers in the transduction system of sensing devices. Furthermore, the labelled and label-free opto-electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of various kinds of viruses have been discussed. Moreover, numerous globally developed aptasensors for the sensing of different types of viruses have been illustrated and explained in tabulated form.
Highlights
According to the World Health Organization, hundreds of millions of people have viral infections every year, with millions of death worldwide [1]
In 2021, another study was conducted for the screen-printed electrode which was modified through the dispersion of graphene quandetection of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), targeting a different binding site, i.e., p24-HIV protein-using aptasensor tum dots (GQD) by electrodeposition
There is a major role played by the biorecognition element (BRE), this could be enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, aptamers, etc
Summary
According to the World Health Organization, hundreds of millions of people have viral infections every year, with millions of death worldwide [1]. With advancement in technology, a few other techniques, for instance, ELISA, RIA, serological and PCR methods, have been employed for virus detection [5,6] These methods are costly, time consuming, and require laboratory infrastructure and skilled personnel. Biosensors 2022, 12, 81 structure and skilled personnel In contrast to these methods, point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools have attracted more attention for their rapid, easy, and inexpensive detection methods, especially in the developing nations, whichdetection lacks proper infrastructure more attention for their rapid, easy, and inexpensive methods, especiallyand in trained individuals [7,8,9].which. Elements a largethey number of applications [15,16,17] This isinbecause can probe for different targets,This for example metal different targets, for example metal ions, small and macro even cells macro molecules, and even cells with high selectivity andmolecules, sensitivity.and. The basic principle of designing and basic principle of designing and functioning of aptasensor, starting from the specific apfunctioning of aptasensor, starting from the specific in aptamer to signal generation, tamer selection to signal generation, is represented
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