Abstract
Using a lepirudin-based human whole blood model, we evaluated the initial inflammatory and coagulation responses of dense and porous ultrapure (<50 endotoxin units/grams) cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), of carboxylated grade. The CNF was compared to the wound dressing AquaCel because it is a potential wound-healing material. The porous CNF aerogels induced the strongest coagulation potential measured as prothrombin factor 1.2 (PTF1.2). AquaCel induced the strongest complement response by terminal complement complex (TCC) and surface C3c. All materials activated leukocytes CD11b, while the levels of only 3 of 27 cytokines were significantly changed, limited to (i) an elevation of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL) by the CNF aerogel, (ii) a reduction of eosinophil chemotactic proteins (eotaxin/CCL11) by the CNF aerogel, and (iii) a reduction of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) by all CNF materials. In conclusion, the CNF materials and AquaCel differently activate coagulation, complement, and cytokines, improving the selection possibilities in various treatment situations of wound healing.
Highlights
Nanocellulose has attracted much attention for its potential use as material for biomedical applications.[1,2] Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has shown promise as material to be used in wound healing,[3] but the production has been rather limited due to low yields and high cost.[1,4] As an alternative source, wood cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), has been suggested as a wound dressing material.[2,5,6] It can be produced in large quantities by well-established procedures.5Error! Reference source not found.[7]
We have previously reported the degree of polymerization (DP), and the carboxyl and aldehyde content to be 709, 855 μmol/g cellulose and 71 μmol/g cellulose, respectively, when applying the same pulp fibers and TEMPO mediated oxidation procedure.[10]
Each cytokine measured in the different samples were compared with the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control (N = 6) and a one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s multiple comparison test was chosen for this
Summary
Nanocellulose has attracted much attention for its potential use as material for biomedical applications.[1,2] Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has shown promise as material to be used in wound healing,[3] but the production has been rather limited due to low yields and high cost.[1,4] As an alternative source, wood cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), has been suggested as a wound dressing material.[2,5,6] It can be produced in large quantities by well-established procedures.5Error! Reference source not found.[7]. Reference source not found.[7] Chemical pre-treatment yields CNF widths less than 20 nm and lengths in the micrometer scale.[8] The nanomaterial forms strong, translucent structures and is able to maintain a moist environment. TEMPO-mediated oxidation is a relatively common pretreatment used to facilitate the production of CNF,[7] and the material have been used in a series of studies focusing on biomedical applications.[5,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] Various types of CNF are compatible with different cell types in the terms of low cytotoxicity.[5,17,18,19,20,21] Previously we have produced ultrapure wood CNF containing low levels of endotoxins (45 endotoxin units/g CNF), and demonstrated that this material was compatible with human keratinocytes and fibroblasts of relevance in wound healing applications.[22] Different cells and blood components are active in the early phase of wound healing.[23] The interactions between these elements and the potential wound dressings needs clarification in order to design optimized materials for effective wound repair. The material influence on the leukocytes responses and the blood proteins needs exploration
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