Abstract
We investigate the nonlinearity of ultra-low loss Si3N4-core and SiO2-cladding rectangular waveguides. The nonlinearity is modeled using Maxwell's wave equation with a small amount of refractive index perturbation. Effective n2 is used to describe the third-order nonlinearity, which is linearly proportional to the optical intensity. The effective n2 measured using continuous-wave self-phase modulation shows agreement with the theoretical calculation. The waveguide with 2.8-μm wide and 80-nm thick Si3N4 core has low loss and high power handling capability, with an effective n2 of about 9×10(-16) cm2/W.
Highlights
Ultra-low loss waveguides are required for many applications, such as integrated optical delay lines, optical buffers, and high-Q resonators, which play important roles for planar lightwave circuits (PLC)
We focus on the application of on-chip optical delay lines, where lownonlinearity material is required for optical waveguide design
If the optical mode is distributed in the core and cladding region, an effective n2 is used to consider the nonlinearity from both cladding and core
Summary
Ultra-low loss waveguides are required for many applications, such as integrated optical delay lines, optical buffers, and high-Q resonators, which play important roles for planar lightwave circuits (PLC). As the waveguide loss decreases and allows longer propagation lengths, the nonlinear effect will accumulate and show up even with relatively low input optical power and eventually affect the performance of the PLC. This is especially important for devices that need highly accurate phase control. We derive the effective n2 by solving Maxwell’s wave equation with introduced index perturbation due to the nonlinearity This method is compared to ref [5], which uses vectorial mode solver and nonlinear propagating equations to obtain effective nonlinearity. A general nonlinear waveguide can be modeled using an effective n2, and the nonlinear effect can be engineered through proper waveguide design
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