Abstract
.Significance: The development of ultralow energy photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) on the clinically relevant pigmented rabbit eye model paves a road toward translation of the emerging PAM technology in ophthalmology clinics.Aim: Since the eye is particularly vulnerable to laser damage, we aim to develop an ultralow energy PAM system to significantly improve the laser safety of PAM by increasing the sensitivity of the system and reducing the incident laser energy for imaging.Approach: A multichannel data acquisition circuit with two-stage signal amplification was specially designed, which, in combination with the application of 3 by 3 median filter in the spatial domain, significantly improved the signal-to-noise ratio of the PAM system. The safety of this system was validated by histopathology, fluorescein angiography, and fundus photography.Results: Experiments performed on pigmented rabbits demonstrated that, when using this ultralow energy PAM system, satisfactory image quality can be achieved in the eye with an incident laser fluence that is only 1% of the American National Standards Institute safety limit. Fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and histopathology were performed after the imaging procedure, and no retinal or ocular damage was observed.Conclusions: The proposed ultralow energy PAM system has excellent safety and holds potential to be developed into a clinical tool for ocular imaging.
Highlights
Due to the optical transparency of the eye, optical imaging methods are highly beneficial in the field of ophthalmology for diagnosis
After drastically enhancing its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the performance of this system working with significantly reduced laser fluence was examined via the experiments on a clinically relevant rabbit eye model in vivo
The safety of this system was validated by histopathology, fluorescein angiography (FA), and fundus photography, paving the road toward clinical application
Summary
Due to the optical transparency of the eye, optical imaging methods are highly beneficial in the field of ophthalmology for diagnosis. Current clinically available optical imaging modalities include fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA),[1] indocyanine green angiography,[2] optical coherence tomography (OCT),[3] OCT angiography (OCT-A),[4] and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.[5] As a novel biomedical imaging method, photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has the unique capability to noninvasively explore the optical absorption properties in biological. Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics on 08 Nov 2021 Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use. Zhang et al.: Ultralow energy photoacoustic microscopy for ocular imaging in vivo PD NT242 Scanner Spatial filter Transducer
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