Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for determining the presence of eleven personal care products in surface and wastewaters

Abstract

Personal care products (PCPs) are widely used emerging contaminants which can cause adverse environmental effects. This paper reports the development and validation of a method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–(ESI)MS–MS) for simultaneously determining eleven PCPs: 4 preservatives (methylparaben; ethylparaben; benzylparaben; propylparaben); 2 antimicrobial agents (triclocarban and triclosan) and 5 UV filters (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone; 2,2-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; benzophenone-3; octocrylene and octyldimethyl- p-aminobenzoic acid) in environmental waters in only 9 run minutes of chromatographic separation. The SPE was carried out with two polymeric cartridges (Oasis HLB and Bond Elut Plexa). The recoveries obtained with Bond Elut Plexa were between 69% and 101% for 500 mL of river waters, with the exception of octyldimethyl- p-aminobenzoic acid (46%). Limits of detection for 500 mL of river water were in the range of 1–5 ng/L. Oasis HLB was chosen for wastewater samples with recoveries between 38% and 92% (250 mL of effluents) and 36–89% (100 mL of influents). In both wastewater samples, octyldimethyl- p-aminobenzoic acid and methylparaben showed the lowest recoveries (20% and 27%). The method revealed benzophenone-3 as having the highest concentration levels (7 ng/L) in river waters. Most of PCPs determined were found in influent waters being methylparaben and propylparaben the ones found at highest concentration with values of 5613 and 1945 ng/L, respectively. In effluent waters, significant lower levels of some PCPs were found, being benzophenone-3 the one found at the highest concentration (100 ng/L).