Abstract
Action of ultrafast optical and X-ray lasers on metals is considered. It is known that under certain conditions surface structures appear as result of irradiation. Generation of nano-structures is usually associated with excitation of surface plasmons. But often structures do not have forms of ripples, and their spacial scales are order of magnitude less than optical wavelength. In the paper full description of surface nano-structures is given for the case of single shot laser action onto well polished boundaries. Plasmon effects are insignificant for this case and also for X-ray pulses. It is shown that structures are formed after laser illumination in a process of mechanical spallation of ultrathin surface layer of molten metal. Spallation is accompanied by a strong foaming of melt, breaking of foam, and freezing of foam remnants. Those remnants form chaotic nano-structures observed in experiments.
Highlights
Lasers with ultrashort pulse (durations τL from ∼ 10 fs to few ps) have a wide range of technological and bio-medical applications
Lasers with ultrashort pulse have a wide range of technological and bio-medical applications
Membranes surrounding bubbles in foam are stretched by inertial expansion up to 2-3 interatomic distances
Summary
Lasers with ultrashort pulse (durations τL from ∼ 10 fs to few ps) have a wide range of technological and bio-medical applications. Above ablation threshold Fabl the nucleation begins in a narrow layer near the point where a reflected acoustic wave intersects with compression wave running to the left, see Fig. 1 (a).
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