Abstract
the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the active material with the work functions of the contacting electrodes is very important to the device performance. Electrically conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) is widely used as the electrode material in many different types of organic optoelectronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic solar cells (OSCs), due to its good light transmission property in the visible region. However, because the work function of ITO is near 4.7 eV, which usually does not match the molecular energy levels of most organic active materials, ITO electrodes generally cannot be used directly as a hole-selective (anode) or electronselective (cathode) electrodes in traditional organic devices. Instead, additional charge transporting layers are commonly deposited on top of the ITO layer to promote a more effi cient injection or extraction of holes or electrons. Typically, when ITO serves as an anode, a layer of e.g., copper phthalocyanine [ 8 ]
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