Ultra-fine Pd nanoparticles confined in a porous organic polymer: A leaching-and-aggregation-resistant catalyst for the efficient reduction of nitroarenes by NaBH4

Abstract

Porous organic polymers (POPs) containing nitrogenous substituents have potential practical applications as heterogeneous catalysts based upon controlled porous structure and surface-anchored noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs). In this work we prepared a POP material from piperazine and cyanuric chloride starting materials (PC-POP). The PC-POP material contains numerous triazinyl moieties, thus rendering the pores hydrophobic. Subsequently, by means of a novel reverse double-solvent approach (RDSA), microdroplets of Pd(AcO)2/CH2Cl2 were introduced into the hydrophobic pores of PC-POP in an aqueous environment; Pd(II) was rapidly reduced by NaBH4 to form ultra-fine Pd NPs and confined within the pores of PC-POP at high dispersity. The extensive porosity and dispersity of the Pd NPs made the active sites readily accessible, and led to efficient mass transfer. Thus, Pd@PC-POP exhibits superior catalytic performance in catalytic reduction of various nitroarenes. Furthermore, Pd@PC-POP has excellent recyclability, without significant loss of activity nor leaching of Pd active sites during 10 successive reaction cycles. This work points to a practical and cost-effective approach to preparation of POP materials, and also for confining ultra-fine NMNPs in POPs for use as catalysts.