Abstract
A comparison of coal samples obtained from various regions of Pakistan was done based on their proximate and ultimate analysis and gross calorific values to discern the processing technique which may be applied for these coals e.g. liquefaction, gasification, carbonization etc. The samples of coal were got from different coal fields in Pakistan. Different nomenclature were chosen to differentiate the regions of coal e.g., SRGE for coal obtained from Sor-Range and Degari coalfields near Quetta, Baluchistan, LKR for coal obtained from Lakhra, Sindh, SLGE for coal obtained from Salt Range coalfields near Chakwal, Punjab, KTL for coal obtained from Kotli, Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK), MCH for coal obtained from Mach, Baluchistan and THR for coal sample obtained from Tharparkar, Sindh. MCH coals were reported with highest calorific value of 13305.35kcal/kg. THR coals were classified as class (2) coals as they were found with calorific values & carbon contents of 12337.13 kcal/kg and 69.9% respectively. KTL coal samples were reported with lowest carbon contents of 57.9% in ultimate analysis experiments. MCH & SRG coals were nominated as low quality coals because of their highest ash contents i.e., 50%. SRGE and SLG coals were found hazardous for our ecosystem because of their high sulfur contents. SRGE, LKR, SLG and THR were classified as class (2) bituminous coals and were found best gas coals, while MCH and KTL were found class (1) and class (4) bituminous coals respectively.
Highlights
Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas are nonrenewable sources of energy
A comparison of coal samples obtained from various regions of Pakistan was done based on their proximate and ultimate analysi s and gross calorific values to discern the processing technique which may be applied for these coals e.g. liquefaction, gasificati on, carbonization etc
Different nomenclature were chosen to differentiate the regi ons of coal e.g., SRGE for coal obtained from Sor-Range and Degari coalfields near Quetta, Baluchistan, LKR for coal obtained from Lakhra, Sindh, SLGE for coal obtained from Salt Range coalfields near Chakwal, Punjab, KTL for coal obtained from Kotli, Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK), MCH for coal obtained from Mach, Baluchistan and THR for coal sample obtained from Tharparkar, Sindh
Summary
Petroleum and natural gas are nonrenewable sources of energy They were formed from plants and animals remain (millions of years ago) and their deposits are found beneath the earth. The top ranked coal is anthracite with highest contents of carbon e.g., 86-98% and having a calorific value of ranges from 22-28 million BTU/ton It contains low percentage of volatile elements and is used for commercial and residual purposes. Bituminous and good quality sub-bituminous coals can be utilized for electricity generation and their reserves in large amounts are located in different coalfields of Punjab and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. In this research article addition to compare the environmental impacts of coal samples from various regions of Pakistan, the proximate and ultimate analysis were done to characterize the samples and to investigate their industrial applications [12,13]
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