Abstract
Selenium is one of the essential elements that has a direct effect on human health and disease. Environmental conditions and agricultural practice have a profound influence on the selenium content in plants. Cultivation of plants enriched with the selenium has an effective potential for selenium supplementation in diets for population which is exposed to selenium deficiency. Bioavailability of selenium compounds from food is in strong correlation with the source and its chemical form. The selenium of different sources and forms can become a part of human consumption when entering the food chain, wherein the inorganic forms of selenium are metabolized and converted to more available organic forms. Numerous results of systematic research of the selenium content in individual plant species as well as various techniques for producing selenium enriched foodstuffs is reviewed. The soil in Slovenia is selenium-poor and may concern a part of population which is potentially sensitive to selenium status. The merits of selenium effect, either alone or in combination with different environmental changes on plant production published by Slovenian authors are thus closely considered. Controversies continue to prevail regarding adequate amounts for selenium for health and disease prevention. Thus, general and individualized recommendations for selenium intake and supplementation in the future need to be cautiously followed and the reference values continually revised.
Highlights
Selenium is one of the essential elements that has a direct effect on human health and disease
Omenjeni procesi so predmet medicinskih, fizioloških in prehranskih raziskav predvsem z vidika: - vpliva selena na zdravje in razvoj bolezni, - presnove in aktivnosti terapevtskih molekul in nanodelcev, ki vsebujejo selen, - živil in krmil, obogatenih s selenom in/ali pridobljenih z biotehnološkimi postopki, - biološke uporabnosti zaužitega selena
Z dodatkom selena h krmni mešanici za kokoši je možno vsebnost selenometionina in selenocisteina v jajcih močno povečati (Sun in Feng, 2011)
Summary
V kemijskih lastnostih je selen podoben žveplu (Reilly, 2006). V okolju se nahaja v anorganski obliki (elementarni selen: Se, selenid: Se-, selenit(IV): SeO32-, selenat(VI): SeO42-) in v organski obliki: predvsem kot metilirane selenove spojine, seleno-aminokisline in selenobeljakovine v bioloških sistemih (Pyrzyńska, 2002; Uden s sod., 2004). Frost (1972) opisuje dinamično ravnotežje in pretvarjanje med anorganskimi in organskimi oblikami selena. Kitajska ali Avstralija, pa se lahko koncentracije selena v tleh tudi regionalno zelo razlikujejo. Izjeme so zabeležili v ruralnem okolju jugovzhodnega Kolorada zaradi izrazite suše leta 1975 kot tudi v vodnih izvirih osrednje-zahodnega dela Združenih držav Amerike, pri čemer so bile vrednosti med 50 in 300 μg/l (Hatfield s sod., 2012). V podtalnici ali površinski vodi so količine selena lahko zelo variabilne – geografsko pogojene, in sicer od 0,06 do 400 μg/l, v nekaterih primerih celo do 6000 μg/l (Hatfield s sod., 2016). Koncentracije v pitni vodi so različne in so geografsko pogojene; koncentracije so večje pri nizkem ali visokem pH zaradi večje topnosti v takem okolju (NIJZ, 2014). (2005a) so analizirale 20 dnevnih vojaških obrokov in ugotovile, da je povprečni vnos selena 87 μg (od 34 do 163 μg/dan) ob povprečni energijski vrednosti obroka 15,8 MJ. Preglednica 1: Priporočen dnevni vnos (PDV), največji dopusten vnos (NDV) in primeren vnos (PV) selena v μg/dan (Kipp s sod., 2015; Hatfield s sod., 2016)
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