Abstract
The antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and metabolite profiling of ethanol extracts of red cabbage (RC) and broccoli (BR) seeds and sprouts were investigated in this study. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin contents were in the ranges of 385.4–480.4 mg FAE/100 g, 206.9–215.6 mg CE/100 g, and 17.8–27.0 mg soysaponin BE/100 g, respectively. BR seed had the highest total phenolic (480.4 mg FAE/100 g) and flavonoid (216.9 mg CE/100 g) contents, whereas BR sprout had the highest saponin content (27.0 soysaponin BE/100g). RC sprout demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity, with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity levels of 71.5% and 88.5%, respectively. Furthermore, BR and RC sprouts showed the most potent inhibition against α-glucosidase (91.32% and 93.11%, respectively) and pancreatic lipase (60.19% and 61.66%, respectively). BR seed (60.37%) demonstrated the lowest AGE inhibition. A total of 24 metabolites, predominantly amino acids and phenolic compounds, were characterized using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Germination not only improved the levels of metabolites but also resulted in the synthesis of new compounds. Therefore, these findings show that germination effectively enhanced the functional properties and metabolite profiles of broccoli and red cabbage seeds, making their sprouts more applicable as functional ingredients.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most serious and complex chronic illnesses causing deaths all over the world
We report for the first time the presence of diverse amino acids in broccoli and red cabbage seeds after germination
The findings reveal that germination lead to a sharp the increase incapacity the antioxidant capacitymaking of red cabbage making seeds, are more antioxidant of red cabbage sprouted seeds,sprouted which are morewhich appropriate appropriate as antioxidant ingredients compared to the raw seeds
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most serious and complex chronic illnesses causing deaths all over the world. Diabetes is caused by a chain of complex reactions characterized by hyperglycemia and alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, or lipids [2]. The chronic condition is associated with various acute metabolic side effects, such as ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar coma leading to chronic disorders, including retinopathy, renal failure, neuropathy, and other cardiovascular-related complications [3]. Elevated blood sugar may trigger nonenzymatic interactions between glucose and proteins, leading to the formation of glycated products known as advanced glycation end products (AGE) [4]. The accumulation of AGEs is accelerated, leading to further complications, including inflammation of tissues and formation of permanent crosslinks with body macromolecules [5]
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