Abstract
This research was designed to investigate the metabolite profiling, phenolics and flavonoids content and the potential antioxidant, antibacterial and nematicidal activities of “yellow-brown resins” from Larrea divaricata Cav (LdRe) and L. nitida Cav (LnRe). Metabolite profiling was obtained using an ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography orbitrap MS analysis (UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS). The antioxidant properties were screened by four methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant activity assay (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes (LP). The antibacterial activity was evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. In addition, the potential combinatory effect was analyzed with the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values using the checkerboard design. The nematicidal activity was carried out according to a standardized protocol. LdRe and LnRe showed a strong capture of the DPPH radical withvalues around 8.4 µg resin/mL; FRAP (1.69–1.94 mgTE/ g resin), TEAC (1.08–1.09 mgTE/g resin) and LP (81–82% at 100 µg of resin/mL) assays. A strong antimicrobial activity was displayed by both resins against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923(MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300(MRSA) (MICs = 16–32 µg resin/mL). Additionally, the combination of LdRe or LnRe with the antibiotic cefotaxime showed an indifferent effect (FICI values = 1–1.25), however, this combinationcould be a potential strategy to reduce the drug doses, and in this way can be a potential alternative to reduce bacterial resistance. On the other hand, the resins showed a scarce nematicidal potential toward J2 Meloidogyne incognita; an important nematode infecting horticultural crops. Phenolics compounds were identified by UHPLC-PDA-OT-MS analysis, updating the knowledge on the chemical profile of these species. These results, together with the high content of quantified phenolics and flavonoids, allow the phenolics-enriched resins of these two Larrea species to be considered as a promising sustainable source of compounds of pharmacological interest.
Highlights
The resins are naturally secreted by species of the families Asteraceae, Burseraceae, Fabaceae, Pinaceae and Zygophyllaceae
Combining full MS spectra and some diagnostic MSn experiments, forty-one compounds were detected in LdRe and L. nitida resin (LnRe) resins, by ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography Q-orbitrap MS analysis (UHPLC-PDA-Q-OT-MS)
Yellow-brown resins of the two Larrea presented a high content of Total Phenolic (TP), highlighting LnRe collected in the Andean mountains over 2500 m above sea level with a value of 459 mg GAE/g LnRe, of which approximately 8.8 percent correspond to flavonoids (40.8 mg QE/g LnRe) (Table 2)
Summary
The resins are naturally secreted by species of the families Asteraceae, Burseraceae, Fabaceae, Pinaceae and Zygophyllaceae. The species of the genus Larrea in Argentina (Larrea ameghinoi, L. cuneifolia, L. divaricata and L. nitida), vernacular name “jarillas” are used extensively in traditional medicine in Argentina and in Andean communities for the treatment of injuries and bruises, and a good disinfectant of wounds, repellent of insects, for roof construction in rural areas and as a vegetable fuel for cooking food. These uses are shared with the resinous species Zuccagnia punctata, commonly called “jarilla macho” [5]. The chemical characterization of the Larrea genus resins, characterized by their high content of phenolics compounds, is still scarce, and their potential antioxidant, antibacterial and nematicidal activities
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