Abstract
This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content, DPPH scavenging, α-glucosidase, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition of Gynura procumbens and Cleome gynandra extracts obtained with five different ethanolic concentrations. The findings showed that the 100% ethanolic extract of G. procumbens had the highest phenolic content and the lowest IC50 values for DPPH scavenging and NO inhibition activity compared to the properties of the other extracts. For C. gynandra, the 20% and 100% ethanolic extracts had comparably high total phenolic contents, and the latter possessed the lowest IC50 value in the NO inhibition assay. In addition, the 20% ethanolic extract of C. gynandra had the lowest IC50 value in the DPPH scavenging assay. However, none of the extracts from either herb had the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme. Pearson correlation analysis indicated a strong relationship between the phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity in both herb extracts. A moderately strong relationship was also observed between the phenolic content and NO inhibition in G. procumbens extracts and not in C. gynandra extracts. The UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS revealed major phenolics from the groups of hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and flavonoid derivatives from both herbs, which could be the key contributors to their bioactivities. Among the identified metabolites, 24 metabolites were tentatively assigned for the first time from both species of studied herbs. These two herbs could be recommended as prospective natural products with valuable medicinal properties.
Highlights
Plants and herbs have a history of traditional uses and are important parts of cultural heritage. eir appreciation as food and links to health-promoting benefits are significant
This study proposed to investigate the aforementioned properties of the herbal extracts. e total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity were tested as to support the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties of the studied herbs. e relationship between TPC and biological activity was studied using the Pearson correlation model
USA). e α-glucosidase enzyme was purchased from Megazyme (Bray Business Park, Ireland). e reagents used for cell culture studies, including Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), containing HEPES and L-glutamine, with and without phenol red; an antibiotic mixture of penicillin-streptomycin, fetal bovine serum (FBS), 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
Summary
Plants and herbs have a history of traditional uses and are important parts of cultural heritage. eir appreciation as food and links to health-promoting benefits are significant. Herbs have been utilised traditionally to cure many illnesses, which has prompted modern science to fully understand their benefits. Gynura procumbens (Asteraceae), locally known as Sambung nyawa, is an annual grown herb that has thick leaves and hardened stems with a slight purple tint during maturation. Its ethnomedicinal usages are well reported; for example, in Indonesia, G. procumbens is used to treat fever, skin rashes, and ringworm infection [1]. Scientific investigations on G. procumbens include antidiabetic, antihypertensive [3], anticancer [4], and anti-inflammatory [5] studies. In terms of its Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine phytochemical constituents, phenolic compounds, such as kaempferol, quercetin, astragalin [6], kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, rutin, and chlorogenic acid [7], were identified as the key metabolites that contributed to the bioactivities in the reported studies
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