Abstract
The monitoring of antibiotic use in animals is a crucial element to ensure food safety. The main goal of this study was to analyse the distribution of selected antibiotics to porcine oral fluid, as well as to demonstrate that an oral fluid is an alternative to other biological matrices used in the control of antibacterials. Therefore, an animal study with pigs treated using seven different antibiotics was performed. Sulfadoxine (SDX) with trimethoprim (TRMP), lincomycin (LIN), tiamulin (TIAM), tylosin (TYL), amoxicillin (AMX) and penicillin G (PEN G) were injected intramuscularly to pigs, and concentrations of these analytes in the oral fluid were assessed. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to quantify the analytes. On the first day of medication, the highest concentrations for SDX and TRMP at the level of 22,300 µg/kg and 14,100 µg/kg were found, respectively. The concentrations of LIN (10,500 µg/kg) and TIAM (7600 µg/kg) were also relatively high. The peak of TYL was recorded on the second day of drug administration. Most of the analytes were present in oral fluid for 30 days, apart from TYL, which was detected for 27 days. It was found that AMX and PEN G were quantified only for 5 and 8 days, respectively, at very low concentrations. It was found that oral fluid can be used for the verification of antibiotics on pig farms.
Highlights
IntroductionAntimicrobial residues are of food safety concern
The results of conducted experiment illustrate that oral fluid can be used to monitor most antibacterial substances administered in pig farms
This paper shows the usefulness of oral fluid as a biological material for the non-invasive detection of drugs administered on pig farms
Summary
Antimicrobial residues are of food safety concern. Consolidation of pig production requires ensuring adequate conditions for the maintenance of animals with high health status, consistent with the guidelines for animal welfare [2,3]. The control of antibiotics in animals is an important element providing the high quality of pig farming, as well as the protection of consumers. In the official residues monitoring programs implemented in the Member States of the European Union, antibiotics are mainly inspected in tissues, collected from animals at the slaughterhouses. Pigs should be tested for potential antimicrobial residues on a farm because postmortem analysis does not enable the monitoring of antibiotics administration during rearing
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