Abstract
Abstract. Despite the high standard guaranteed by 3D scanning technology, image based modeling establishes the most widely used technique for surface reconstruction, being a cheaper and more portable approach. The strong increase in the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), is increasingly affirming and consolidating over the years. Being more cheap and portable than the active sensors approach, the combination of photogrammetry and drones is widely used for different applications both for large scale mapping and for documentation of architecture and archaeological heritage. UAV based photogrammetry allows for rapid accurate mapping and three-dimensional modelling. Over the last two decades, the study of archaeological sites have benefited from the constant evolution of sensor-based surveying techniques, finding effective application for purely visualization purposes or for the extraction of metric data. The Punic-Roman temple "Sardus Pater Babai" in southern Sardinia (Italy), has been the subject of a massive anastylosis. The close-range photogrammetry technique, exploiting the images produced by a UAV consumer and the GNSS system data, has allowed the creation of metrically correct 2D and 3D models useful also for an effective visualization of the information. A series of ortho-images has been extracted in order to represent plan, elevations and cross-sections of the monument.
Highlights
The technological development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), computers and processing software has made close-range photogrammetry a very effective Low-Cost system for surveying techniques (Fernandez-Hernandez et al 2015)
Starting from this assumption, the main purpose was to lead a survey of the monument to the architectural scale through the acquisition with only the UAV camera integrated by the RTK Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), in order to obtain a metrically accurate three-dimensional survey model
3.2.1 GNSS Survey: The integrated use of the most conventional system of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) reinforces the data derived from images and offers validation and quality control of the work; the integration of this system allows for a georeferenced 3D model
Summary
The technological development of UAVs, computers and processing software has made close-range photogrammetry a very effective Low-Cost system for surveying techniques (Fernandez-Hernandez et al 2015). The use of drones, on its own or integrated with ground obtained information such as photographic or TLS systems, it’s useful both on 2D and 3D modelling processes. The use of drones gets reliable results in different high-risk situations, both for the operator safety and in inaccessible sites precluded to any "manned system" (Brumana 2013). UAV-based survey allows further important applications in the archaeological field for visualization, stratigraphic studies, reconstructions, structural analysis, and studies of materials and decay (Fiorillo et al, 2013). Thanks to the reduced cost compared to competing instruments, the use of drones is becoming the standard for archaeological surveys (Cowley, 2017). Today it is widely demonstrated that the results achieved in the Image Based Modeling (IBM) compete for accuracy with those obtainable from LiDAR systems, with obvious advantages in terms of accessibility as well as economic investment. Images captured by UAV through accurate path and shoot timing, allows higher control and data acquisition managing, providing to save time and resources compared to Airborne LiDAR systems (D’Auria, 2018)
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