Abstract
Direct heat use of geothermal energy in the U.S.A. occurs mainly in the western states. A total of 216 projects is operational, with six under construction and 21 planned. The operational projects account for about 2100 TJ/yr (233 MWt-peak) with an average load factor of 29%. The under-construction and planned projects would approximately double the energy use. Not included are an estimated 10,000 TJ (400 MWt-peak) used in enhanced oil recovery. Space and district heating account for almost half (45.8%) of the annual use, whereas greenhouses account for 20.2%, fish farming for 20.7%, industrial processing for 6.7%, and pools and spas for 6.6%. Future growth is expected to be greatest in district heating, where eight proposed projects will produce 1360 TJ annually (149 MWt-peak). Future growth of all direct heat uses in the U.S. is estimated at 8% annually.
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