Abstract
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are defined as a collaborative approach in which the public and private sector share resources, responsibilities and risks to achieve common objectives and mutual benefits in a sustainable manner. PPPs are identified as a key solution to reinforce Veterinary Services. However only limited information is available on the scope, added value and enabling factors of PPPs in this sector. The aims of this study were to develop a typology of PPPs in the veterinary field and to identify key success factors and obstacles to their implementation. A structured questionnaire was sent to all 181 World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Member Countries and to 47 private contacts. 36 different variables characterizing PPP initiatives were collected. 97 examples of PPPs were retrieved from 76 countries. Dimensionality reduction techniques were combined with clustering and discrimination methods to establish a typology of PPPs and to derive a set of simple rules to classify new instances of PPPs. Three clusters were identified, separated according to two main variables: the type of private partners and the type of interaction. Cluster 1, transactional PPPs, represented the traditional understanding of PPPs by Veterinary Services, initiated and funded by the public sector, giving service delivery accreditation to mostly private veterinarians; cluster 2, collaborative PPPs, included partnerships between producer associations and public Veterinary Services, driven by trade interests; cluster 3, transformational PPPs, represented joint programs initiated and funded by private companies and initially driven by business development objectives. Specific success factors and key obstacles affecting the performances and sustainability of these initiatives were identified for each cluster. This study represents the first practical attempt to develop a meaningful typology of PPPs in the field of animal health and to identify fundamental obstacles currently inhibiting the development of PPPs, and suggests ways to support national Veterinary Services in overcoming these obstacles.
Highlights
Public-Private Partnerships are broadly defined as mutually beneficial collaborations between the public sector and a number of potential private collaborators [1]
The online questionnaire was sent to all Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) delegates in the 181 Member Countries, and responses were received from 76 countries, providing 81 different examples of Private Partnerships (PPPs) initiatives that strengthen veterinary services worldwide (Fig 1)
While many respondents reported on the strengths and/or weaknesses of the actions and programs implemented in the course of their PPP, we focus in the following descriptive analysis on responses concerning key success factors (KSFs) and obstacles related to the partnership itself (Fig 9)
Summary
Public-Private Partnerships (or PPPs) are broadly defined as mutually beneficial collaborations between the public sector and a number of potential private collaborators [1]. Public-private partnerships in the veterinary domain considered in terms of large-scale collaborations between states, large national or transnational companies, and philanthropic organizations, PPPs reflect a wide range of realities [1,2]. In the field of public health, PPPs correspond to new models of cooperation between states and companies, and this model is developed and disseminated within the United Nations [3,4,5,6]. Different categorization approaches have been developed for PPPs in public health, based for example on the distribution of ownership and risk bearing between the public and private sectors [7]. A “goal-oriented” categorization of PPPs in agribusiness has been developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [8]
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