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Abstract
Typhoons play a significant role in the marine sedimentary dynamic process and thus could significantly change the submarine geomorphology in their influence area. In this study, a high-resolution sub-bottom profiler and a side-scan sonar were used to detect the submarine geomorphology of the southeast coastal area of Nanri Island in the Taiwan Strait before and after Typhoon Soudelor—three times in 2015. The results show that the typhoon induced seaward movement of the sand dunes up to several tens of meters, resulting in significant changes in both the shape of the sand dunes and the scale of the exposed bedrocks. The typhoon also changed the submarine geomorphology, including the smoothing of anchor traces of fishing boats and the formation of relatively small sand dunes (groups). A comparison of the results of different surveys shows that the submarine geomorphology that was changed by Typhoon Soudelor could not recover within a short period of time. The wind field simulations of the typhoon process showed that the storm wave caused by the strong wind stress of the typhoon was a key dynamic factor for changing the submarine geomorphology.
Highlights
Typhoons are one of the strongest air–sea interaction processes on the synoptic scale and can greatly change physical, chemical, biological, ecological, and sedimentary dynamic environments within a short period of time [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
In coarse-grained sediment regions, the strong dynamic force of a typhoon can cause the movement of coarse-grained sediments, resulting in the formation and movement of submarine sand dunes as well as intensified erosion and accumulation, which lead to changes in the submarine geomorphology [2,14,15]
The locations and morphology of the bedrocks varied relatively less than that of the sand dunes in different surveys, which shows the true migration of the sand dunes caused by Typhoon Soudelor
Summary
Typhoons are one of the strongest air–sea interaction processes on the synoptic scale and can greatly change physical, chemical, biological, ecological, and sedimentary dynamic environments within a short period of time [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The strong cyclonic wind stress of a typhoon can directly stir up submarine sediments, which induces transport and redistribution of the sediments, affecting the marine sedimentary dynamic process [2,8,9,10,11]. The re-suspended sediments are carried by typhoon-induced currents and spread out over surrounding areas—this process is called sediment redistribution [10,12,13]. In coarse-grained sediment regions, the strong dynamic force of a typhoon can cause the movement of coarse-grained sediments, resulting in the formation and movement of submarine sand dunes as well as intensified erosion and accumulation, which lead to changes in the submarine geomorphology [2,14,15].
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