Abstract
Experimental human typhoid fever challenge was first described in 1896 by Wright, who vaccinated two men against typhoid fever and challenged one with what was then known as Salmonella typhosa.1 While challenge models are sometimes controversial, they offer enormous potential to study the pathogenesis of disease and to accelerate vaccine development, particularly in human-restricted pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The Maryland typhoid human challenge model, which ran from 1952 to 1974, led to insights into typhoid fever and facilitated the development of live attenuated typhoid vaccine Ty21a.
Highlights
I have received advisory board fees from Sanofi Oncology for aflibercept, Eli Lilly for ramucirumab, Bristol-Meyers Squibb for nivolumab, MSD for pembrolizumab, Bayer for rivaroxaban, Roche for atezolizumab and ipatasertib, and Five Prime Therapeutics for FPA144; grants from Janssen-Cilag for ibrutinib, Sanofi Oncology for aflibercept, Merck-Serono for cetuximab, and Novartis for patupilone; and honoraria from Taiho for gastric and colorectal cancer, Pfizer for neuroendocrine tumours, Amgen for colorectal cancer, Eli Lilly for gastric cancer, and Gilead Science for lymphoma-related Continuous Medical Education activity
While challenge models are sometimes controversial, they offer enormous potential to study the pathogenesis of disease and to accelerate vaccine development, in human-restricted pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi
Despite evidence of safety and immunogenicity in Indian children and adults, heretofore, there has been no evidence of actual efficacy of the vaccine in diminishing the attack rate of typhoid fever upon exposure to virulent S Typhi compared with the control participants
Summary
I have received advisory board fees from Sanofi Oncology for aflibercept, Eli Lilly for ramucirumab, Bristol-Meyers Squibb for nivolumab, MSD for pembrolizumab, Bayer for rivaroxaban, Roche for atezolizumab and ipatasertib, and Five Prime Therapeutics for FPA144; grants from Janssen-Cilag for ibrutinib, Sanofi Oncology for aflibercept, Merck-Serono for cetuximab, and Novartis for patupilone; and honoraria from Taiho for gastric and colorectal cancer, Pfizer for neuroendocrine tumours, Amgen for colorectal cancer, Eli Lilly for gastric cancer, and Gilead Science for lymphoma-related Continuous Medical Education activity. 10 Ayers M, Lunceford J, Nebozhyn M, et al IFN-γ-related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade.
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