Type-Specific Human Papillomavirus Infections Among Young Heterosexual Male and Female STI Clinic Attendees

Abstract

Baseline genotype-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence rates and associated risk factors per gender enable future assessment of the impact of vaccination on HPV dynamics. Before the start of national HPV vaccination for girls, data were collected cross-sectionally in nationwide Dutch sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinics among heterosexual males (n = 430) and females (n = 1136) aged 16 to 24 years. Self-collected vaginal or penile swabs were analyzed by a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (SPF10) and genotyped with line probe assay. Logistic regression was applied to estimate determinants of HPV prevalent infections. HPV prevalence was 54% among males and 72% among females. High-risk (HR) HPV was present in males and females, 40% and 58%, respectively. Independent risk factors for HR-HPV infection were female gender, number of lifetime sex partners and a history of chlamydia or gonorrhea. In addition, not having a casual partner and consistent condom use were protective factors in women, but not in men. For low-risk (LR) HPV, the odds were smaller. Multiple HR-HPV and sexual risk behavior showed a stronger association compared with a single HR-HPV infection. Prevalence of HR-HPV is high in both genders. Infection with multiple HR-HPV types was more associated with high-risk sexual behavior than infection with LR-HPV types or a single HR-HPV type.