Type IIP Supernova IV. Shock Breakout from Progenitor Stars Modeled with Convective Overshoot and Mass Loss

Abstract

Red supergiant stars lose a lot of mass in slow winds that forms a circumstellar medium (CSM) around the star. When the star retains a substantial hydrogen envelope at the time of explosion, it displays characteristic light curves and spectra of a Type II plateau supernova (SN), e.g., the nearby SN 2013ej. When the shock wave launched deep inside the star exits the surface, it probes the CSM and scripts the history of mass loss from the star. We simulate with the STELLA code the SN radiative display resulting from shock breakout (SBO) for a set of progenitor stars. We evolved these stars with the MESA code from their main-sequence to core-collapse phase using diverse evolutionary inputs. We explore the SN display for different internal convective overshoot and compositional mixing inside the progenitor stars and two sets of mass-loss schemes, one the standard “Dutch” scheme and the other an enhanced, episodic and late mass loss. The SBO from the star shows closely time-separated double-peaked bolometric light curves for the Dutch case, as well as high-velocity ejecta with minuscule mass accelerated during SBO. The earlier of the peaks, which we call the precursor peaks, are compared with analytical expressions for SBO of stars. We also contrast the breakout flash from an optically thick CSM with that of the rarefied medium established by Dutch wind. We describe how the multigroup photon spectra of the breakout flashes differ between these cases.