Abstract
We review type 1 diabetes and host genetic components, as well as epigenetics and viruses associated with type 1 diabetes, with added emphasis on the enteroviruses, which are often associated with triggering the disease. Genus Enterovirus is classified into twelve species of which seven (Enterovirus A, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus C, and Enterovirus D and Rhinovirus A, Rhinovirus B, and Rhinovirus C) are human pathogens. These viruses are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route; they may also spread via the nasopharyngeal route. Enterovirus infections are highly prevalent, but these infections are usually subclinical or cause a mild flu-like illness. However, infections caused by enteroviruses can sometimes be serious, with manifestations of meningoencephalitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and in neonates a fulminant sepsis-like syndrome. These viruses are often implicated in chronic (inflammatory) diseases as chronic myocarditis, chronic pancreatitis, and type 1 diabetes. In this review we discuss the currently suggested mechanisms involved in the viral induction of type 1 diabetes. We recapitulate current basic knowledge and definitions.
Highlights
We review type 1 diabetes and host genetic components, as well as epigenetics and viruses associated with type 1 diabetes, with added emphasis on the enteroviruses, which are often associated with triggering the disease
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes (T1D) have been recognized since approximately 1500 BC, when they were described on Egyptian papyrus as indicators of a rare disease that caused patients to lose weight rapidly and experience “too great emptying of the urine” [1, 2]
Such genes include the insulin gene, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 gene (CTLA4) [26, 63, 64], protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 gene (PTPN22) [65], IL-2 receptor alpha (IL-2RA) [66], and interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) gene [29]
Summary
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes (T1D) have been recognized since approximately 1500 BC, when they were described on Egyptian papyrus as indicators of a rare disease that caused patients to lose weight rapidly and experience “too great emptying of the urine” [1, 2]. This was probably the first mention of the disease. Dr Collip and Dr Macleod helped Banting and Best to administer a more refined extract of insulin to Leonard Thompson, a boy suffering from diabetes They noted that, within 24 hours, his high blood sugar had dropped to nearly normal levels. His work [6] was an important landmark in the understanding of diabetes and treatment strategies
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