Type and dose-response effect of adverse childhood experiences in predicting depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

BackgroundResearchers have documented that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with adverse long-term consequences for mental health, including increased risk for depression. However, the type and dose-response effects of ACE on depression risk need further exploration. ObjectiveWe aimed to synthesize the evidence on the relationship between ACEs measured by ACE International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) and depression in type and quantity. Participants and settingIndividuals with ACEs. MethodsA systematic search was carried out of all published articles, up to November 2022, in eight electronic databases. Fixed- and random-effect models and dose-response were used. ResultsExposure to ACEs, including household dysfunction, was associated with a higher risk of depression (ORs ranged from 1.34 to 3.17). The numbers of ACE acted as a nonlinear predictor of depression. ConclusionsThese analyses provided important evidence that ACEs, regardless of type or quantity, may be a risk factor for depression development. Prevention of ACEs and interventions for supporting those affected by ACEs are necessary.