Type 2 diabetes mellitus: current diagnosis and treatment

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a globally prevalent chronic disease caused by obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, hereditary and environmental factors, and multifactorial causes. The prevalence of diabetes has increased worldwide, and its complications cause high morbidity and mortality. With the increase in diabetes and its complications, treatment costs are also increasing. Early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, timely initiation of treatment, and prevention of complications are crucial. Management of type 2 DM is multifaceted and includes lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, and close monitoring of blood glucose levels. In obese individuals, weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce the risk of complications. Pharmacologic treatment is tailored to individual needs and may include oral antidiabetic agents, injectable drugs such as insulin, and newer classes of drugs that target specific pathways involved in glucose regulation. Glycemic control is of paramount importance to reduce the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with T2DM. In conclusion, the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes require an integrated approach focusing on lifestyle changes, regular follow-up, and personalized pharmacotherapy. Implementing early interventions and maintaining optimal glycemic control are vital to preventing complications and improving the overall condition of individuals with type 2 DM.