Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a debilitating chronic autoimmune disease (AID) for which there is currently no preventive treatment or therapeutic strategies. Patients with T1D are also at higher risk for other autoimmune disease such as celiac disease. In genetically susceptible individuals, T1D is associated with the generation and activation of autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that infiltrate the pancreas and selectively destroy the insulin-producing β-cells in the islets. The impairment of T-cell tolerance in T1D has been reported at many levels including abnormal self-antigen presentation in the thymus and periphery, autoreactive T-cell resistance to apoptosis, unbalanced immunoregulatory T-cell function, and deregulation of Th1/Th2/Th17 axes. Despite the identification of T1D-associated autoantigens and their derived CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes, numerous antigen-specific immunoregulatory therapies have failed when evaluated for their efficiency in the prevention and treatment of T1D. The development of antigen-specific tolerization approaches to treat or to prevent T1D would bring exceptionally high economic and health benefits. In this special issue, we accepted original research and review articles highlighting the recent advances in T1D-associated immunological tolerance mechanisms and potential immunotherapeutic strategies.
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