Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Oral Health

Abstract

Diabetes is characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood.Type I diabetes mellitusresults from insulin deficiency. In contrast, type 2 diabetes results of insulin resistance.A third group recently identified confirmed that the secretory defects of gestational insulin are the consequence of abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Symptoms of diabetes include the classic triad [polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia]. Long-term complications of diabetes include nephropathy and autoimmune cardiovascular illness dysfunctions. The symptoms of type 2 diabetes develop more slowly than type I diabetes. These patients may be obese. Adults develop micro- and macro- vascular conditions, producing irreversible damages to the eyes (retinopathy, cataracts), kidney (nephropathy), nervous system (neuropathy and parenthesis). Oral complications including candidiasis (fungal infection due to any type of Candida), dental caries, tooth loss, gingivitis, lichen planus, neurosensory disorders (burning mouth syndrome), periodontitis, salivary dysfunction, xerostomia, and taste impairment. Diabetes implicate greater prevalence of fissured tongue, irritation fibroma, traumaticulcers, and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Hyperglycemia induces non-enzymatic elevated levels of glucose that stimulate interleukin-6 expression. Altogether these factors contribute to cardiovascular disease.