Abstract
This paper introduces a distributed energy management for islanded DC microgrids with electric vehicles (EVs) penetration. The energy management problem is divided into two stages. The first, named as filtering stage, is controlled through wavelet filter using the ultracapacitor. The second one is modeled as a noncooperative stackelberg game, where the battery energy storage system is designed as a leader and EVs as followers. The preference of the battery energy storage system is designed to extend its cycle life while for each EV's preference is to maximize its charging power. The consensus network is utilised to reach the Nash equilibrium within the followers at each control instant. The simulation results show the power distribution among the system's units throughout one day. Moreover, comparable outcomes with the centralized method have been illustrated under two available power scenarios i.e., two weather profiles.
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